I had a heck of a time getting the moon calendar into my head when I was beginning, even though I'm a sky watcher & had some astronomy in school. I sympathize with your plight. The easy way: moon phases are printed on some calendars, or just look up a moon phase calendar for the year
https://www.space.com/18880-moon-phases.html. &'print one. Also, the current moon phase is also given daily on most web Local Weather forecasts.
Moon phases move thru 29.5 day cycle because that's how long it takes the moon 28 days to go once around the earth plus 1.5 days added to get out of the Earth's shadow because while the Moon's running around the earth, the earth isn't standing still. It's running around the sun so the shadow it casts & angle of light it reflects shifts. Moon phase is the same for everyone at the same time all over the planet & doesn't matter where you are standing, although visibility isn't the same at the poles.
Moon phases are caused by the angle of the sunlight bouncing off earth & hitting the moon, not as popularly thought, caused by the Earth’s shadow. That only happens at eclipses. The moon only reflects light & doesn't make any light of its own. Of course neither does Earth.
The only useful thing out of all this is that
a full moon will always rise as the sun sets & reach the highest point in sky around midnight. Adjust for day light saving time.
The full moon then sets as the next morning sun rises.
This is simply because the earth spins once every 24-hours. The moon will rise about 50 minutes later each day of a cycle as the moon catches up with the orbit of the earth as they nudge along further around the sun. We always see the same side of the moon because the earth & moon rotate at the same speed...called geosynchronous.
New Moon is the opposite of Full Moon. New is a brand-new cycle when reflected light misses the moon completely so it’s dark, then that sliver crescent as the moon begins to move into the angle of reflection & begins a new cycle. The horns point to the left because the light moves right to left across the moon. The new crescent shows horns pointing to the right. About summer solstice the horns point up. Go figure. 2 spheres playing tag with light.
The phases approaching full moon are called waxing (waxy build-up) & after full moon is called waning.
Magical Uses:
When the moon is getting that waxy build-up it's increasing in size so, by association, when we want to increase or gain/attract something we use the waxing/increasing moon to support our intentions. When you look at the moon in the sky, the amount of light you see increases from right to left in appearance.
Full moon power is used for ful-fillment. The day before, the day of & the day after full brightness have the same impact. Full moon is when the Esbats are observed. These times are good for self-empowerment or any manifestation works.
After the full phase the moon light decreases & seems to shrink as the shadow grows from right to left. The amount of light we see is decreasing so, by association, when we want to reduce something or banish it then we use the decreasing, shrinking light to support our intent.
The last phase again is the date before, date of & date after being completely dark. Personally, I abstain from magic but some people use the dark moon for "shadow" work, balancing one's personality shadow. We need our shadow-self as much as we need our light-self.
Then the whole 29.5 day cycle starts over with a brand new moon..."new moon"...
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physic ... h-advanced